Buckthorn, Rhamnus frangula; (Rhamnaceae)

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(Rhamnaceae)</B></I></div> <div> <I><B><IMG SRC="d924ce30.jpg" border=0 width="332" height="227" ALIGN="RIGHT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">DESCRIPTION</B></I></div> <div> Frangula is a shrub about ten to fifteen feet high, growing in wet places from the northern coast of Africa, throughout Europe, and extending eastward into Siberia. It has alternate, elliptic, oval, or obovate entire leaves, obtuse or slightly pointed at the apex; greenish hermaphrodite flowers in axillary clusters of three or five, and red, finally black, berries of the size of a pea and containing two or three roundish-angular seeds. The bark occurs in single or double quills which are usually of smaller size than those of cascara and about 1 millimeter thick. It has a purplish cork and whitish lenticels. On removing the outer cork cells by scraping, a dark crimson inner cork is exposed. The transverse section closely resembles that of cascara but groups of sclerenchumatous cells are absent (Pharmacognosy: 386).</div> <div> It is distinguished from Common Buckthorn by its less bushy and more tree-like habit, by the absence of thorns on its branches, and by its larger and entire, not toothed, feather-veined leaves, which are all arranged alternately on the stem, none opposite to one another. (Grieves -Modern Herbal 135). </div> <div> <I><B>BIRD CHERRY</B></I></div> <div> Three species of the genus Rharnnus (the Greek name rharnnos means branch), possess the same medicinal properties, in varying degrees (Grieves -Modern Herbal 134). The genus consists of many species, one of which, the Palestine buckthorn, is said to have been the plant of the crown of thorns at the Cross.</div> <div> This shrub grows in wet locations throughout Europe, Siberian Asia, and the north African coast. It has been naturalized in England, sometimes called English Buckthorn, although in one limited area in Scotland it also grows. It is naturalized in the United States also as well as in other parts of the world.</div> <div> In some parts of Europe it is improperly called “Black Alder”; other names include Alder Buckthorn, Black Dogwood and Frangula Bark, berry-alder, arrow-wood, and bird cherry (Coon: 235). As the berries are attractive to birds (also mildly cathartic), so that the seeds are widely distributed.</div> <div> The Anglo-S axons certainly recorded it in the ninth century, when it was known as Waythorn or Hartsthorn, while the thirteenth-century Welsh physicians of Myddvai used its fruit boiled with honey. Three hundred years later Gerard was to recommend boiling the fruits with broth; they are rarely taken alone, and even when Syrup of Buckthorn was first included in the London Pharmacopoeia in 1650 (it had appeared in the German pharmacopoeias almost a century earlier) it was mixed with Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Aniseed and Mastich, a gum. (Stu: Que-Rha).</div> <div> <I><B>MILD PURGATIVE</B></I></div> <div> Frangula bark is official in both the United States and the British Pharmacopoeia. In place of the violently-acting juice of the berries of the Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), the milder Frangula is a very satisfactory substitute (Grieves -Modern Herbal 135). Since Cascara Sagrada is much more popularly advertised, this Buckthorn has fallen into neglect, although it is more agreeable and less drastic.</div> <div> Victorian times, a “Syrup of Blackthorn” was made, with sugar and ginger, but it has gone out of present-day use; this syrup was mostly used for children as a purgative.</div> <div> Present-day use prescribes it mainly as an effective laxative, gentle and non-addictive, so it is good for use in long-term constipation; Dr. Christopher recommended small doses three or four times daily (SNH: 177). If it is desirable to evacuate the bowels at once, a fluid draehm may be given at bedtime (Felk:899). It resembles senna and rhubarb in action, effective for thorough and quick evacuation; it is said to be much valued by the Germans for these attributes (Ibid.)</div> <div> Both the alvine and renal discharges are colored dark-yellow by it. It has been administered, in decoction, for dropsy and for the cure of itching, this use also requiring the use of ointment of Buckthorn (Ibid). It has been used for relief of rheumatism, gout, and skin diseases, and will cause profuse perspiration when taken hot (Malstrom: 82). Dr. Christopher listed as its uses, in addition to the relief of constipation and the above-mentioned uses, costiveness, parasitic skin affections in pregnancy, worms, and warts (SNH: 177).</div> <div> Only the dried bark, seasoned for at least a year and preferably longer, should be used for the above ailments. The fresh bark causes nausea, colicky pain and violent emeto-catharsis--that is, vomiting and diarrhea (Felk:899).</div> <div> No other part of the plant should be used internally, it is said to be one of the poisonous plants of the United States (Coon:26) and children are said to have been poisoned by eating the leaves or berries, which cause great dryness of the mouth and throat, with intolerable thirst and nausea, vomiting, griping, and violent purging (Philips, 1879).</div> <div> <I><B>DYE BARK</B></I></div> <div> The bark and leaves of Frangula yield a yellow dye much used in Russia; when mixed with salts of iron it turns black. When boiled in an iron pot, it yields a brilliant green. The berries also yield a good green color, when used unripe, very easily taken by woollen cloth; when ripe, the berries yield various shades of blue and grey. Carbonate of potash is used as a mordant. All the natural fibers (silk, cotton, linen, wool) take the dye well, although grass cloth, on account of its rough texture taking up the color most easily, is the principal fabric upon which it is used. the juice of the berries, mixed with other substances, constitutes the “sap green” known to water-color painters and yields a very permanent color. Pigment from Frangula appears on the Chinese market in thin, dry, bluish scales, which when rubbed up produce a bluish-green pigment, used by the Chinese to color sharkskin for covering glasses-cases and the like. When mixed with lunar caustic it makes an excellent indelible ink (Shi: 373), and in country areas, the juice of the berries, ripe, is used to make ink.</div> <div> After removing the bark from the stem, the wood of this shrub is used for making charcoal, yielding a very light, inflammable product, and on that account being preferred to that of almost any other tree by former-day gunpowder makers, who named it “Black Dogwood.” In Germany, for the same reason, it is called “powder-wood.”</div> <div> Bees prefer this shrub in springtime, and goats enjoy the foliage--eating it voraciously. It is enjoyed as a nice shrub with olive-green leaves and attractive fruit, good for gardens, as long as the garden has no little children to ingest its attractive fruit (Coon: 235).</div> <div> <I><B><IMG SRC="d9348e00.jpg" border=0 width="328" height="224" ALIGN="RIGHT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">CULTIVATION, COLLECTION, PREPARATION</B></I></div> <div> Frangula bark is usually collected from wild shrubs, but this species can be easily cultivated. The seeds should be sown as soon as they are ripe, and not kept until the following spring. The seedlings should be weeded, and in the autunm planted in a nursery plot in rows two feet apart and the plants one foot apart. You may increase the plants by layering and cuttings, although propagation by seedlings is preferable (Grieves -Modern Herbal 136).</div> <div> The bark is collect from the younger trunks and large branches in late spring or early summer. It is stripped and dried on sunny days, out of doors, in half-shade, or by moderate artificial heat, on shelves or trays, in a warm, well-ventilated room (Ibid).</div> <div> The bark must be aged at least a year, as previously mentioned. This bark varies considerably in appearance, according to the age of the branch or stem from which it has been taken. Young bark, the preferred part, occurs in narrow, single or double quills, and is papery, about 1/25 inch thick. It is grayish or blackish-brown in color, with numerous small, whitish corky warts. When gently scraped, the inner layers are crimson in color. The inner surface of the bark is smooth, pale, yellowish-brown, and very finely striated. Older bark is rougher, thicker, and usually in single quills or channelled pieces (Ibid.)</div> <div> When the bark is fresh it has a disagreeable odor and taste, but in the dried state it has scarcely any odor, a sweet and bitterish taste, breaking in the inner layer with a fibrous fracture, showing yellow. When moistened with lime water, it acquires a red color. With cold water it yields a yellow, and with hot water a brown, infusion. When chewed, the dried bark colors the saliva yellow.</div> <div> Frangula bark is prepared in the standard decoction. It was formerly preserved in a syrup, can be made and administered in an extract, and is sold in England in the form of lozenges, called “Aperient Fruit Lozenges.” Country people used to boil the bark in ale for treatment ofjaundice.</div> <div> <I><B>CHEMICAL COMPOSITION</B></I></div> <div> This bark contains tannin, purgative extractive matter, an amorphous, non-purgative bitter, and an odorous volatile principle not yet isolated. The chief constituent, however is the glucosid frangulin, or rhamnoxathin. Carbon disulphide extracts it from the bark, and it may be recrystallized from ether or alcohol. It forms silky-lustrous, lemon-yellow crystals. Yellow needles are obtained by sublimation (Felk: 899)</div> <div> Impure frangulin was named avornin by Kubly in 1866. Emodin from this source was identified as such by Liebermann and Walkdstein, in 1879, the name frangulic acid or frangulinic acid being affixed to it. Both principles, frangulin and emodin, are only found in the aged bark (Ibid).</div> <div> Frangulin is now known to consist of two isomers, franguloside A and B formed by partial hydrolysis of the corresponding rhamnoglucosides. The fresh bark also contains anthranols and anthrones, which are unstable and readily oxidize to the corresponding anthraquinones; Lemii(1965, 1966) detected emodin-dianthrone, palmidin C, and other constituents (Pharmacognosy, op cit.).</div> <div> The laboratory yielded the following analysis for Dr. Christopher:</div> <div> BUCKTHORN</div> <div> Rhamnusfrangula (RHAMNACEAE)</div> <div> bark</div> <div> VITAMINS AND MINERALS</div> <div> Ca     .86%</div> <div> P     .88</div> <div> K     .36</div> <div> Na     .08</div> <div> Cl     .16</div> <div> Mag     tr</div> <div> Fe     tr</div> <div> Mn     tr</div> <div> Cu     tr</div> <div> Zn     tr</div> <div> Arsenic     .0037%</div> <div> OTHERS</div> <div> Fragulin</div> <div> Emodin (1, 3,8 trihydroxy. 6-methylanthraquinone)</div> <div> tannic acid     tr</div> <div> chrysophanic acid (1, 8 dihyroxy 3 - methylanthraquinone)</div> <div> glucofrangulin</div> <div> pseudofrangulin</div> <div> rhamnotoxin     tr</div> <div> rhamnocathartin</div> <div> rhamnin</div> <div> sugar     4.1%</div> <div> gum     3.6%</div> <div> frangulic acid</div> <div> oxymethyl anthraquinone</div> <div> rhamnose (sugar)</div> <div> tannins     2.68%</div> <div> saponin</div> <div> total glucosides     1.21%</div> <div> <I><B>RECENT FINDINGS</B></I></div> <div> Much current research has been done on the toxic effects of one of the Buckthorns, Karwinskia humboldtiana, as the fruits of this species have been ingested by animals. The research focussed on the exact effects of the poisonous substances, isolated, on mice, rats, and cats. It was found that the substances caused death through attacks on the nervous systems. The research is highly sophisticated, but does not relate to our species at hand, Frangula.</div> <div> <I><B>RELATED PLANTS</B></I></div> <div> Cascara sagrada (Rhamnus purshianus), the subject of a subsequent newsletter and a favorite purgative, is related to Frangula.</div> <div> Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) is similar in action but much more drastic.</div> <div> Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is not related to these medicinally-employed Buckthorns, but belongs to a different natural order, Elaeagnaceae. It is commonly referred to as Buckthorn.</div> <div> <I><B>DR. CHRISTOPHER'S COMBINATIONS CONTAINING </B></I><I><B>BUCKTHORN</B></I></div> <div> Buckthorn is a minor ingredient of Dr. Christopher's Red Clover Combination, which is used for cleansing and which has also been effective in clearing up cases of cancer. He told of a woman who had been diagnosed of cancer by a medical doctor, who also prescribed a lengthy and difficult chemotherapy regime. The woman came to Dr. Christopher, who put her on the Jncurables regime, stressing the use of the Red Clover Combination.</div> <div> Although Dr. Christopher recommended that she remain on the program some time, during her cure she went back to the medical doctor for some idea of how she was progressing. Imagine her joy to find that she had been completely cleared of the cancer!</div> <div> <IMG SRC="e6181cb0.jpg" border=0 width="385" height="459" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=24 BGCOLOR="#FFFBF0" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="cc203181eearkz.gif"> <div>  <A HREF="100hs_brigham_tea__ephedra_viridis.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Brigham Tea, Ephedra viridis (Ephedracea">100HS Brigham Tea, Ephedra viridis</A> < Previous  |  Next > <A HREF="100hs_bugleweed__lycopus_virginicus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Bugleweed, Lycopus virginicus (Labiatae)">100HS Bugleweed, Lycopus virginicus</A></div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>