Slippery Elm, Ulmus rubra; (Ulmaceae)

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(Ulmaceae)</B></I></div> <div> <I><B><IMG SRC="e2737d00.jpg" border=0 width="311" height="464" ALIGN="RIGHT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">DESCRIPTION</B></I></div> <div> This native forest tree is found from Quebec to North Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. It is a lofty tree, fifty or sixty feet in height, with a trunk fifteen or twenty inches in diameter. The bark of the trunk is brown, that of the branches rough and whitish. The leaves are petiolate, oblong-ovate, acuminate, nearly pubescent and very rough on both sides. The buds, a fortnight before their development are covered with a dense russet down. The flowers, which are apetalous, appear before their leaves, are sessile and in clusters at the extremities of the young shoots. The clusters of flowers are surrounded by scales which are downy like the buds. The calyx is also downy. The stamens are five, short and of a pale rose color. The fruit is a membranaceous capsule or samara, enclosing in the middle one round seed, destitute of fringe.</div> <div> The tree is indigenous, most abundant west of the Allegheny Mountains. It flourishes in open, elevated situations and requires a firm dry soil. From the White Elm it is distinguished by its rough branches, its larger, thicker and rougher leaves, its downy buds and the character of its flower and seeds. Its period of flowering is in April (Weiner:176-7).</div> <div> The bark met with in commerce is in flat pieces, consisting of the fiber only, the corky layer being 4 removed before drying and usually several feet long and four or six inches broad. It is about one-eighth inch thick, is externally of a very light cinnamon color or pale brownish-white, smooth, occasionally with small fragments of the corky layer adhering and upon the inner surface grayish-white, finely ridged longitudinally and usually more or less wooly from some detached bast-fibers. The bark breaks or rather tears readily in a longitudinal direction, the fragments adhering together with the wavy bast-fibers. It breaks with some difficulty in a transverse direction with a fibrous and mealy fracture and when cut transversely the bast fibers are seen arranged in tangential rows, imbedded in a loose parenchyma and dissected by numerous fine medullary rays, giving to the transverse section a delicately checkered appearance. The bark has a slight but distinct odor, resembling that of fenugreek and a mucilaginous, insipid taste. It is also met with as a coarse and somewhat fine and uniform powder, both having a light, fawn color.</div> <div> <I><B>GENERAL</B></I></div> <div> When Dr. Christopher was practicing in Salt Lake City, he received a telephone call from the next town over in Idaho come for a house call. It came from an extremely wealthy man, a rancher. When Dr. Christopher arrived at the house, right in the middle of the living room was a hospital bed and in the bed was a little eight-year-old boy, who said, “Hi, Doc!” He said that he felt fine but he had been in the hospital for months each year because he could not assimilate food. He had come to a point now where he had bed sores all down his spine and his right hip joint was sticking out of his flesh. He was in constant pain but he said he just felt fine. It made Dr. Christopher feel ashamed of complaining of any aches and pains he had in the face of that kind of courage. He had asked the people to have boiling water reading for him and he mixed up a cup of Slippery Elm gruel. The child was pretty hungry. He couldn't even hold water down so he was just a little skeleton. Dr. Christopher sat there and fed him a half teaspoon of the Slippery Elm bark tea and he swallowed it down, he didn't throw it up. He smacked his little lips and said, “That's good”. The doctor started giving him more but he could only give him a half teaspoon every few minutes because he was so dehydrated and was malnourished. He told the father how to make the gruel and to give it to the boy as food the next few days.</div> <div> The doctor rolled over the child to examine the spine and saw the bones sticking right out of the hip. He took the Slippery Elm and made it into a heavy paste to put over the spine, all the way down, wherever there were bedsores. When they came to the hip where the hole was he just took the Slippery Elm bark paste and filled up the hole, just made it as close to the size of his buttocks as they could. Then he put wet hot towels over the Slippery Elm down the spine and over the hip to keep it moist.</div> <div> This child had been sent home from the hospital to die but with the Slippery Elm treatment within weeks he was back to normal weight and his flesh was restored. He looked like a perfect specimen of health but he lacked energy. Nothing the doctor gave him would give the child strength. Someone suggested that their herbal treatments might be in contradiction to the Lord's will concerning this boy. The parents, with the boys permission, decided to administer to him and dedicate him to the Lord. This was done and as soon as the Amen was said the little boy looked up and smiled. He then said, “Goodbye, Daddy; goodbye, Doc,” and he was gone, with a smile on his face.</div> <div> Anyone, from small infants to adults who rejects food or liquid and cannot hold it down can use Slippery Elm tea, gruel or porridge, Dr. Christopher taught and it will stay down. It gives good nourishment to the sick or the well.</div> <div> Dr. Christopher employed Slippery Elm in his vaginal bolus formula. In fact, acting upon the research of former herbalists who used the herb in this way, his formula began as simply Slippery Elm and water, made into a thick paste and inserted into the vagina. However, over the years, other herbs were added to enhance the activity of the treatment. These boluses are meant to draw out the toxins and poisons in the female system and make the malfunctioning area healthy so that cysts, tumors and cancerous conditions will not have waste materials to grow and feed upon. The bolus spreads its herbal influence from the vagina (or bowel, as it can be used like a suppository) throughout the entire urinary and genital organs. Coconut butter is melted down so that it can be mixed with the herbs and the herbal powder is mixed with it. This is equal parts of Slippery Elm, Squaw Vine, Yellow Dock, Comfrey root, Marshmallow root, Chickweed herb, Golden Seal root and Mullein leaves all in powder form. The herbs mixed with the coconut oil and melted are rolled between the hands until they form a pencil-like bolus approximately the size of the middle finger and about inch-long pieces. Cool and harden in a refrigerator. You may make up some in advance if you like. Insert them in the vagina or rectum as needed. It is necessary to wear a sanitary napkin to hold it in place. It is inserted before retiring and left in all night, six nights a week. The coconut butter melts at body temperature leaving the herbs in the area. These are easy to wash out with a douche the following morning. This douche can be made with the slant board combination which is injected into the vagina with a syringe while the person is on a slant board, head down. This flushes out the bolus used the night before and strengthens and feeds the area itself.</div> <div> Although this routine may sound like a lot of trouble if women are suffering from female troubles it can be a godsend.</div> <div> Hundreds of women have written letters to the Christopher's detailing their healing. One woman, for example, lived in a nearby town to where Dr. Christopher was practicing. She suffered real agony with each menstrual period for ten years and dreaded to see the cycle approach because she knew she would be down in bed with pain for five to seven days. During these ten years she had traveled to specialists in female diseases from coast to coast and had spent over ten thousand dollars in fees and for remedies but nothing had helped her. One day a friend told her about Dr. Christopher's formulas. She tried them and in about ninety days she was having no pain, no flooding and was on a normal cycle for the first time in her life. She was a happy woman now! She was amazed that she had lived about twelve miles from where she could have found the formulas but never knew they were there! Dr. Christopher maintained that many female problems can clear up by using the female formulas such as herpes simplex, yeast infection, leucorrhea, flooding, cramps, swollen and painful breasts, miscarriages, inability to conceive etc. These all stem from the reproductive organs or systems being in an unhealthy condition.</div> <div> Dr. Christopher taught that Slippery Elm is one of the most valuable medicines in the world. It will heal rapidly but gently and strengthen the system as it heals.</div> <div> <I><B>INDIAN ELM</B></I></div> <div> The inner bark of Slippery Elm was an important food and medicine for the American Indians and by their teaching, for the pioneers. It was made into a poultice for wounds, burns, etc. especially for “green” or purulent wounds. Indians taught the white man the use of the bark not only for poultices but as a medication in fevers and diarrhea. The Indians of the Ozark region used the inner bark in colds and bowel complaints. It was also much used as a cataplasm or emollient in ulcers and swellings. Missouri Valley Indians used a decoction of the inner bark as a laxative and a preservative of meat. They used the wood of American Elm and other species to make mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes. The Catawbas used the bark for consumption and made a salve for rheumatism by peeling the fresh bark and mixing it with lard and “bear root”. The Houmas mixed the bark with Red Oak for a dysentery remedy. The Alabamians boiled the bark in water along with gunpowder for a medicine used in delayed parturition. The Creeks used it for a toothache remedy. The Mohicans steeped the bark for a cough and cold medicine. The Potawatomis chewed on the bark for an application to inflamed eyes. Splinters of the wood were used to lance boils which were then poulticed with usually complete and permanent recovery. The Menominees used a tea of the inner bark for a physician aid the same as a wound poultice. The Pillager Ojibwas used the inner bark for a sore throat medicine. The Meskawkis use it to poultice sore eyes, pounding it, wetting it and combining it with other medicines. The root was boiled for a tea to promote easy childbirth and the root bark was made into an eye lotion. The Penobscots steeped and drank the decoction of the bark for bleeding of the lungs (Vog:289-290).</div> <div> The Indians used the bark to prevent fatty substances from becoming rancid. This was done by melting the fat of an animal with a piece of the bark and allowing it to remain heated a few minutes, then the fat was strained off. This has also been tested with lard and butter and with the result that rancidity is prevented for a long time.</div> <div> The pioneers employed the tea as a wash for chapped hands and face. The bark was given powdered and mixed as a beverage, as food for babies, the elderly and those recuperating from illnesses.</div> <div> The Chippewas used it as a gargle for a sore throat (Dens:342).</div> <div> Settlers in the areas in which the tree grew soon began to use it for their ailments. In Kentucky the thick mucilage is applied to boils and carbuncles. A poultice from the roots, made with butter or lard, is applied to a felon. To treat poison ivy, the itch, broken bones, appendicitis and swellings, the inner bark was soaked in water and the thick mucilaginous substance applied to the affected area. The mucilage is said to cure the itch and dry up poison ivy blisters. As a laxative and remedy for summer complaint and diarrhea the infusion of the inner bark was drunk or the inner bark of the root was eaten. The thick, mucilaginous infusion was drunk to reduce fever, to ease a sore throat, stomach ulcers and other stomach complaints and to treat coughs including whooping cough. In Georgia the poultice was applied to swellings (Boly:141).</div> <div> Early American doctor Samuel Stearns considered the bark of Slippery Elm good in various chronic, cutaneous eruptions and the leprosy of the Indians, in suppression of urine, dropsy, inflammation and hard tumors. During the Revolutionary War surgeons used the bark to make poultices for gunshot wounds. This was also used during Antony Wayne's Indian campaign of 1794. A Dr. Porcher considered it good to treat suppression of urine, bladder inflammation, dysentery and diarrhea. Combined with sassafras root and guaiac it was used by him to increase skin transpiration and improve the tone of digestive organs. Dr. Beach reported that the tea was used to procure easy labor. He claimed that the tea “in point of utility, it is of far more value than its weight in gold” (Vog:289).</div> <div> In addition to its use in wound treatments in the Revolutionary War it was also used as a source of quick energy nutriment for soldiers and often those who had lost their way supported themselves on a jelly made with its bark and that of Sassafras. Indians also used it as a nutritive and subsisted for long periods of time upon it. “When crops failed or long severe winters exhausted food supplies, Indians and pioneers alike were often saved from starvation by the use of Sweet Elm Bark. This emergency source of food had the advantage of being available when all other sources of food had failed. The use of Sweet Elm bark as food spread with the early colonies until the day when the vast forests were converted into farm lands” (Har:Eat:130).</div> <div> It is recorded that during their bitter winter at Valley Forge, George Washington's soldiers lived through a twelve day period on little more than Slippery Elm porridge. And no one knows how many starving pioneers families scraped through their first winters in this continent thanks to the same survival rations. Back before today's sugar-laden sweets were so widely available small boys would strip off pieces of the inner bark and chew it. This made a sweet flavored, long lasting chewing gum that both satisfied thirst and supplied a certain amount of nourishment. The taste is pleasant and sweet although the slippery texture of the gruel takes a little bit of getting used to. We find it pleasant and the children seem to enjoy it too.</div> <div> The botanical name refers to the Latin for the tree Ulmus. Common names for the plant include red elm, elm bark, moose elm, Indian elm, rock elm, sweet elm, and American elm.</div> <div> The American Indians called Slippery Elm oohooska, meaning “it slips”.</div> <div> Slippery Elm bark was official in the United States Pharmacopeia from 1820 until 1936 and was listed in the National Formulary from 1936-1960, a surprisingly late listing.</div> <div> <I><B>SUPERIOR DEMULCENT</B></I></div> <div> Dr. Christopher classed Slippery Elm among the demulcent and emollient herbs, soothing substances with much mucilage that soothe tissues and help remove inflammation and mucous wherever they are used. Slippery Elm is particularly useful because its abundant mucilage soothes, disperses inflammation, draws out impurities, heals rapidly and greatly strengthens as it heals. It is especially good for irritated or inflamed surfaces. One of the foremost uses of the herb is for internal irritation, especially of the digestive tract. As we mentioned above, Slippery Elm is usually retained and digested when no other food or liquid is tolerated. It normalizes bowel functions very quickly either stopping diarrhea or helping bring about a bowel movement. It is one of the mildest of laxatives, however, and can be taken by anyone, children or pregnant women alike, as it is absolutely harmless. If the mucous membrane of the stomach or intestines is irritated Slippery Elm will speedily restore it to its proper function. When babies are teething, their digestion often becomes disrupted. They are hungry but don't want to eat their normal food. We often given them Slippery Elm gruel sweetened with honey and perhaps flavored with a warming herb such as Cinnamon to help their digestion. This seems to nourish them, balance their system and help bring back a normal appetite.</div> <div> Many recommend beating up an egg with a teaspoonful of the powdered bark, pouring boiling milk over it and sweetening it. Taken three times a day this way or in the form of a mucilage it is said to be wonderful in curing gastritis, gastric catarrh, mucous colitis and enteritis (ShoA:163).</div> <div> As a healing nutritive it is often considered almost an elixir; “we cannot speak too highly of this remedy, and are confident there is nothing to equal it in the world...” (Tob:52).</div> <div> If an infant is weaned from the breast Slippery Elm boiled in a pint of new milk is said to be a nourishing diet, “preventing the bowel complaints to which they are subject and rendering them fat and healthy” (Felk:2013).</div> <div> Slippery Elm is useful because it neutralizes stomach acidity and absorbs foul gases. It aids in the digestion of milk by separation of the casein particles. It assures an easy passages of this and other foods because of its mucilaginous nature, assisting the process of assimilation and elimination. It also acts as a buffer in the irritation and inflammation of the mucous membranes (Luc:Magic:36).</div> <div> Levy says that she has weaned many young animals, even an owl, on what she terms Nature Gruel. She also gave it to her own children after they were weaned, at about eighteen months. It consists of various ingredients the main one being Slippery Elm. She mixes the gruel with honey and milk and recommends it for children who are having trouble with dysentery, to be given before breast feeding or before meals (Lev:Nature's:41).</div> <div> Many preparations of Slippery Elm are sold on the market as bland and nutritious foods. In some cases, the powdered bark is added to a base of barley malt and pre-cooked wheat flour. The malted barley helps convert cereal starches into digestible carbohydrates (Luc:Magic:36).</div> <div> Because coughs are often associated with digestive disruption, particularly of the eliminative tract, Slippery Elm is wonderful in the correcting of coughs. It soothes the mucous membranes directly. Many people make lozenges of the herb mixing it with maple syrup or honey until a stiff paste forms and then chilling it till quite firm and cutting it into pieces. It is a harmless confection thus to give children and will help “roll down” the mucous out of the system as it soothes the cough. It also reduces the inflammation of the surfaces.</div> <div> Dr. Shook recommended a Slippery Elm preparation which included quite a few other herbs. He thought that it was an “extraordinary and sensational remedy which should be carefully prepared and always kept on hand by every physician interested in giving prompt relief from pain, spasm, distress and exhaustion in that debilitating affliction, asthma. We sincerely believe that this most merciful and beneficent herb preparation will cure almost any chest trouble including many cases of tuberculosis, the great white plague which kills off countless thousands of our people every year” (ShoA:164). He also said that it would help bronchitis, chronic cough, lung trouble and so forth. It allays all irritation and gives almost instant relief in dyspnea caused by heart disease... and whooping cough (Ibid.). See formulas (Indian Balm Asthma Remedy).</div> <div> Slippery Elm is often recommended for problems with the genitourinary tract. Many herbalists recommend making vaginal or rectal boluses with the herb itself, making a stiff but pliable mixture with water the size and shape of the middle finger. This is cut into three pieces and placed in the vagina holding in with a tampon. It is left in for two days, removed and washed out with a douche. This is beneficial for inflammation and irritation of the vagina (Sal:189). It is said to be useful for excruciating pain of the testes which accompany the metastasis of mumps, whether of recent or long standing. The bark in this case is used as a poultice. This will help remove the pain quickly (Felk:2013). It is often used as an herbal enema to gently help move old, encrusted feces. Mixed with appropriate herbal remedies such as Male Fern it is good to help with the removal of worms, especially in children, when administered as an enema. It will help with hemorrhoids if applied externally.</div> <div> Slippery Elm has often been used for external problems. Mixed with an herb tea appropriate to an external problem it provides an excellent herbal poultice bandage for external use, put onto a clean linen or cotton bandage and bound upon the place (Lev:Common:23). It is “excellent applied to sores, wounds, gangrene, bums, tumors and infected areas” (Tie:116). It soothes and draws out the poisons in wounds, even in infection. It has been used “to heal broken bones, mollify hard tumors, retard the shrinking of sinews, bathe burns and sciata and remove discoloration of bruised eyes (Boly:142). Fat skimmed from the surface of a bark decoction was applied to restore hair to bald areas (Ibid.).</div> <div> The powdered bark, sprinkled on the surface of the body, will prevent and heal excoriations and chafings and allay the itching and heat of erysipelas (Felk:2013). However, it is said to be troublesome when applied as a cataplasm to ulcers of the limbs rendering the ulcer more irritable and difficult to heal and frequently converting a simple sore, which might be cured by astringent or other washes, into an almost intractable ulcer. Much care has been advised in using the herb externally (Ibid.).</div> <div> Used as an ointment, Slippery Elm sap was used in the Thomsonian medicine during labor as a lubricant for the midwife's hand as she ascertained the presentation of the infant internally. The Thomsonian system also used a poultice of Slippery Elm, Lobelia and a little soft soap to bring abscesses and boils to a head. These were then lanced and drained (Weiner:177).</div> <div> Slippery Elm sticks were used in some North American Indian tribes to provoke abortion by inserting them into the cervix. When the bark, in strips or powdered form, comes into contact with water it swells enormously and produces a lubricating effect. Narrow strips of the bark, when soaked in water for a few minutes, become very slippery and pliable. Some pregnant women have attempted to induce abortion by inserting a long strip of the moistened bark into the cervix in order to mechanically disrupt the fetus and terminate pregnancy. This is an extremely dangerous practice, says herbalist Weiner, since many deaths have resulted due to uncontrollable hemorrhaging. Serious infections can also be expected due to the unsanitary conditions which accompany this attempted treatment. In some states the law requires that the bark be broken in pieces no longer than 1.5 inches in length to discourage the use of the bark for attempted abortion (Weiner:178).</div> <div> As an external application for chest colds, mix equal parts of cornstarch and Slippery Elm powder, along with no more than 10 percent black mustard. Make into a poultice with hot water and spread on a white muslin or flannel and apply to the chest (Bri:244).</div> <div> For abscesses and boils and gangrenous wounds, “nothing can touch it, either with a mixture of Wormwood or very fine charcoal. Slippery Elm bark will also preserve fatty substances from becoming rancid. If a hollow tooth aches and it is not possible to see a dentist, a pinch of slipper elm powder will ease the pain and arrest decay temporarily although it is in no sense a drug” (Day:158).</div> <div> One of the most unusual uses of Slippery Elm we have seen recorded was from an old miner who bought the bark in its whole form, consisting of “long sticks looking just like the inner bark of a tree. He then broke the sticks into one-by-one pieces. To these pieces he added ten drops of kerosene and then sucked on the bark during the day in the mine pits to keep the coal dust from adhering to his throat and make it easier to spit out the black dust. He explained that this was an old miner's remedy used by his father in the Polish coal fields before he came to this country. Although sucking on kerosene is definitely a bad idea, on analysis this remedy makes a kind of sense. The kerosene would act as an irritant, causing him to cough and the elm, because of its moistening nature, made the coughing easier, producing the desire effect” (Bri:244).</div> <div> Dr. Christopher recommended mixing Slippery Elm with brewer's yeast (or baking yeast) and raw milk to make a poultice for sores and gangrenous wounds. It was said to arrest gangrene.</div> <div> The powdered bark is often recommended for so many problems that it is hard to enumerate them all. In addition to what we have mentioned, it has been used for purulent ophthalmia, chilblains, croup, pneumonia, internal ulcers, calculi, burning urine, skin eruptions of many kinds, poison ivy, and tumors.</div> <div> In the Doctrine of Signatures, the mucilaginous nature of the bark make it good to treat all catarrhal disturbances and irritations of the bronchial and alimentary systems. It is especially indicated in cough remedies to facilitate the removal of phlegm (Har:Complete:92). It is good to facilitate any kind of removal from the system, as some doctors say that an expectant mother should drink about a half pint of the tea in the last couple of months to facilitate the easy removal of the baby from her body.</div> <div> <I><B>HISTORICAL USES</B></I></div> <div> Used for bedsores, dehydration and malnutrition, vaginal problems, rectal problems, wounds, burns, gangrene, fevers, diarrhea, inflamed eyes, ulcers, swelling, consumption, rheumatism, dysentery, toothache, boils and carbuncles, sore throat, bleeding of lungs, chapped hands and face, nourishment for the sickly, poison ivy, broken bones, appendicitis, whooping cough, leprosy, suppressed urine, dropsy, hard tumors, bladder inflammation, to procure easy labor, to accelerate healing, as a laxative, to neutralize stomach acid, to absorb foul gases, for coughs, chest troubles, tuberculosis, the great white plague, dyspnea, urinary tract problems, hemorrhoids, baldness, sciatica, as a lubricant in labor, to provoke abortion, purulent opthalmia, chilblains, croup, pneumonia, calculi, burning urine, all catarrhal disturbances, bronchial, and to remove phlegm.</div> <div> <I><B>FORMULA</B></I></div> <div> Dr. Shook's Indian Balm Asthma Remedy</div> <div> 2 ounces Slippery Elm bark, powdered</div> <div> 1 ounce Horehound</div> <div> 1 ounce garden Thyme</div> <div> 1 ounce Red Clover tops</div> <div> 1 ounce Yerba Santa</div> <div> 1 ounce Lobelia</div> <div> 1 ounce resin weed</div> <div> 1 dram Cayenne</div> <div> Put all into 2 quarts of distilled water in which is dissolved 1 ounce of potassium phosphate. Stir well and let stand for 2 hours. Boil 30 minutes slowly and well covered. Add 1 1/2 pounds black molasses and 8 ounces glycerine. Bring to a boil and simmer 5 minutes very slowly. Cool and bottle (ShoA:163-4). One dessertspoon for children and one tablespoon for adults each hour until relief is obtained, and then one spoonful three or four times a day is the dosage.</div> <div> <I><B>CULTIVATION, COLLECTION, PREPARATION</B></I></div> <div> There are many different suggestions for preparing Slippery Elm. Dr. Christopher always explained that it is a rather unusual herb. You must mix a small amount of water into the powdered herb to make a paste and then you can add warm or hot water to the desired consistency, flavoring or sweetening it as desired. The powder is mixed with hot water for an external poultice to be applied to all kinds of external problems.</div> <div> A compound bran poultice is made by mixing with hot vinegar equal parts of wheat bran with Slippery Elm powder. This is excellent “for severe rheumatic and gouty affections, particularly of the joints, synovitis, etc.” (Gri:285).</div> <div> Marshmallow ointment, which is said to be one of the principal ointments employed by herbalists, is made by mixing 3 ounces of Marshmallow leaves, 2 ounces of Slippery Elm powder, 3 ounces of beeswax, 16 ounces of lard. The Marshmallow and Slippery Elm are boiled in 3 pints of water for 15 minutes. This is strained and reduced to half a pint, the lard and wax are melted together by gentle heat and the herbal extract added. Shake constantly till all are thoroughly incorporated and store in a cool place (Gri:285).</div> <div> You can make “Slippery Elm Delight” by mixing a handful of agar-agar in about 3 cups of water, heating till it's all melted. Add 2 tablespoons of Slippery Elm powder, 4 tablespoons of Chia seeds, 4 tablespoons of Flax seeds, 1 mashed ripe banana, a handful of raisins, Cinnamon and carob powder. Mix all well and let it gel into a pudding in the refrigerator. This should tone up sluggish intestines (Sal:189).</div> <div> In Ten Talents, the Seventh-day Adventists' superior cookbook, it is suggested that Slippery Elm be added to ice-cream recipes for smoothness and creaminess. Here is one of the excellent recipes:</div> <div> In a blender, blend till smooth:</div> <div> 1 cup cashews</div> <div> 3 cups water</div> <div> 1 teaspoon Slippery Elm powder</div> <div> ½ cup raw honey</div> <div> 1-2 tablespoons soy milk powder</div> <div> 1 tablespoon vanilla</div> <div> 1/4 teaspoon salt.</div> <div> When smooth, add slowly 1/3 cup coconut or soy oil. Blend well and freeze. Whip again and return to freezer. Serve before it gets too hard. Carob powder or fresh fruit may be added (Hurd:126).</div> <div> Slippery Elm has also, surprisingly, been used as a cosmetic. The Complete Book of Natural Cosmetics suggests a Slippery-Elm Gelee, made by cooking over boiling water 1 tablespoon Slippery Elm in 3 tablespoons water or papaya juice. This is simmered for thirty minutes and filtered through an old nylon stocking. It is used on the skin as a mask or to moisturize the skin or “set” the makeup. However, one of our friends used the gelee on her legs to moisturize and found them stained a pleasant brown, not exactly what she expected. This gelee is added to other ingredients to make an all-purpose body lotion.</div> <div> Mix:</div> <div> 1 egg yolk</div> <div> 2 tablespoons sesame oil</div> <div> 2 tablespoons honey</div> <div> 1/4 cup plus 1 tablespoon fresh whole milk</div> <div> 2 tablespoons Slippery Elm gelee</div> <div> Mix it all together and warm if necessary to incorporate all ingredients. You can perfume it if you like, gently (Traven: 112).</div> <div> You can make a healthy confection that is also good for the bowels by grinding dried fruits and nuts together, sweetening with honey and adding Slippery Elm to help bind it. Mix equal amounts of carob powder and Slippery Elm and coat each ball that you roll in your hands. Refrigerate if desired. This is delicious and a great substitute for other candies.</div> <div> The inner bark, which has had the other bark carefully scraped off, is the part used. Most people do not grow Slippery Elm for their home use, as the ten-year-old trees are considered minimally mature for use. Also the Elm only grows in certain parts of the United States as you saw in the Description. It will not flourish everywhere. The bark is collected in spring from the bole and larger branches and dried. Large quantities are collected especially in the lower part of the state of Michigan. As the wood has no commercial value the tree is fully stripped and consequently dies (Gri:284). We consider this a shame and wonder if wild collectors might take less of each tree (usually the large roots can be collected) and preserve the tree above as perhaps a small amount taken from each tree might not kill the entire specimen. The bark is allowed to air dry and packaged. For most home use it is too difficult to powder Slippery Elm. We have tried it with no great success. It is better and easier to purchase the powdered Slippery Elm as it is not very expensive to do so. The herb retains its quality very well in storage.</div> <div> <I><B>RELATED PLANTS</B></I></div> <div> Ulmus alata, the Winged Elm grows in the southern United States where it is also Wahoo. The wood is fine grained and the bark, which on the branches has prominent corky wings, is used for making ropes.</div> <div> Ulmus Campestris, the Siberian Elm is used in China along with many other species of Elm. The inner bark is used in medicine, dried and ground into a meal. This is used for many other purposes other than medicinally, such as the manufacture of incense sticks. A kind of paste was formerly made of it and in times of great scarcity the ground bark, leaves and membranous fruit are all used as food. Demulcent, lenitive, diuretic and antifebrile properties are attributed to it. It is applied with oil and vinegar to various parasitic and porriginious eruptions. Poultices are made of it in caked breast, abscesses and swellings. It is used in diarrhea and bladder difficulties. The leaves are used as a sort of pot herb and are said to be antilithic and counter poisonous. The decoction is applied to wine nose and also in the treatment of bilious difficulties. The flowers are used in the nervous affections of children and their fevers. The kernels of the seeds are made into a porridge and eaten and are said to promote sleep, to control menstrual discharges and to be anthelmintic. A fungus growing on the Elm tree is said to be edible but with no special medicinal properties (Shi:448).</div> <div> The European officinal Elm is probably a native of western Asia and eastern Europe, but is now naturalized or cultivated throughout the greater portions of Asia, Europe and Northern Africa. It has likewise been introduced in some parts of New England. Its leaves are only about 2 ½ inches long, oval or obovate and acute or somewhat pointed. The flowers are mostly pentamerous and the samara is roundish-obovate, smooth and has the seed placed near the apical notch. The European Black Elm, Ulmus effusa, which has larger ovate or elliptical leaves and roundish-elliptic ciliate fruits, likewise furnish some elm bark.</div> <div> Fremontia Californica, or Californian Slippery Elm, has bark with similar properties but is not related botanically.</div> <div> <I><B>CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS</B></I></div> <div> The principal constituent of the bark is the mucilage which is very similar to that found in flaxseed. Starch, calcium oxalate and acid sodium phosphate are also present.</div> <div> <I><B>DR. CHRISTOPHER'S COMBINATIONS CONTAINING SLIPPERY ELM</B></I></div> <div> ULC, the ulcer combination, contains Slippery Elm.</div> <div> VB, the vaginal bolus, contains Slippery Elm.</div> <div> CC contains Slippery Elm.</div> <div> <IMG SRC="ea6832d0.jpg" border=0 width="387" height="557" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=24 BGCOLOR="#FFFBF0" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="cc203181eearkz.gif"> <div>  <A HREF="100hs_skunk_cabbage__symplocarpus_foetidus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Skunk Cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus (Ar">100HS Skunk Cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus</A> < Previous  |  Next > <A HREF="100hs_spearmint__mentha_spicata.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Spearmint, Mentha spicata (Labiatae)">100HS Spearmint, Mentha spicata</A></div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>